These ancient laws however cannot be equated to ‘human rights’.
courts must be free from corruption and arbitrariness. women, children, foreigners and other groups deserve special protection. a ruler is restricted by law and cannot arbitrarily deal with his subjects. 
From the earliest times, for example byb King Hammurabi of Babylon around 1750 BC, laws have been written (or cut in stone) that include principles of justice, fairness and protection.
Some human rights ideas are as old as civilization.
Human rights in politics and campaigning: the practice of denouncing abuses of governments and calling for solidarity and action for the victims.Īre human rights as old as human civilization?. Human rights in law: the norms and sanctions that over the centuries have been laid down in (international) law, treaties and declarations. Human rights in philosophy: the ideas on human dignity and the rights that belong to everyone everywhere. Eager to bring to his original text the new knowledge revealed by these observations, as well as his own recent research, Professor Hawking has prepared a new introduction to the book, written an entirely new chapter on wormholes and time travel, and updated the chapters throughout.The history of human rights is actually a combination of various histories. These observations have confirmed many of Professor Hawking’s theoretical predictions in the first edition of his book, including the recent discoveries of the Cosmic Background Explorer satellite (COBE), which probed back in time to within 300,000 years of the universe’s beginning and revealed wrinkles in the fabric of space-time that he had projected. But the intervening years have seen extraordinary advances in the technology of observing both the micro- and the macro cosmic worlds. That edition was on the cutting edge of what was then known about the origins and nature of the universe. In the ten years since its publication in 1988, Stephen Hawking’s classic work has become a landmark volume in scientific writing, with more than nine million copies in forty languages sold worldwide.
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